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  • How does Obesity Impact the Society and What are the Solutions to Obesity?

    This article covers a sample essay about How does Obesity Impact the Society and highlights possible solutions to obesity.

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    Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this essay are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of pro-essays.com. This essay should not be treated as an authoritative source of information when forming medical opinions as information may be inaccurate or out-of-date.

    How does Obesity Impact the Society

    Analyse how rising obesity is causing a crisis in modern society, and evaluate current solutions to address this problem.

    Increasing numbers of obese people in modern society have caused a series of social problems, resulting in greater awareness of the seriousness of the issue. This concern is mirrored globally. The World Health Organization’s 2013-2020 Global Plan of Action for the Prevention and Control of Non-hereditary Diseases contains specific objectives to curb rising obesity rates and type 2 diabetes (Swinburn et al., 2015).

    It can thus be seen that obesity is now a major global health challenge. This essay argues that obesity causes disease, increasing both the prevalence of various diseases as well as personal and social medical expenditure. As a consequence, obesity has financial implications for individuals, families, and government, increasing government health expenditure. It also leads to an increase in mortality and population decline.

    Furthermore, obese people are maltreated at work and find it difficult to access suitable employment, causing employment shortages. The combination of a declining population and unemployment causes a reduction in the availability of labour and creates a crisis for modern society. This essay will also evaluate the impact of some national anti-obesity policies and the US “Let’s Move” campaign.

    The first reason as to why obesity can lead to a societal crisis is that it can cause disease. Obesity-related diseases include “type 2 diabetes, cancer, hypertension, osteoarthritis, and an increased risk of disability” (Djalalinia et al., 2015). While in the early stages of obesity, there is no apparent symptoms and diseases, in the long term, it can cause fatal diseases. These are often difficult to treat, and the treatment cycle is long with relatively high costs.

    It has long resulted in serious economic loss for patients, families, and society, and increased the burden on financial resources for healthcare. Revels et al. (2017) assessed the relationship between obesity rates and obesity-related medical costs, showing that total US medical service expenditure due to obesity is estimated to be $117 billion, accounting for 6% to 12% of health care.

    These findings also showed that obese people’s medical expenses are 37.2% higher than those of people who maintain an average weight (ibid). This clearly shows obesity burdens the finances of citizens and the government, creating a financial crisis.

    Furthermore, the prevalence of various diseases caused by obesity is increasing, leading to increased mortality. Afshin et al. (2017) demonstrated that the number of deaths worldwide had reached 4.0 million, of which more than two-thirds are related to cardiovascular disease caused by high BMI (body mass index).

    Therefore, the increased risk of death and population decline caused by obesity should be widely acknowledged. It is also harder for obese patients to find a job, with reduced employment in the labour market and the fact that obese people are barred from applying for certain jobs (Caliendo and Gehrsitz, 2016).

    Declining population and employment challenges for obese people causes a decline in available labour. It can thus be seen that the long-term effects of obesity will seriously impact on the government and individuals. Rapid and effective public health measures need to be taken by national governments to prevent and resolve the crisis caused by obesity and save social resources.

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    How does Obesity Impact the Society
    How does Obesity Impact the Society

    In recent years, health awareness has increased. More people are acknowledging the consequences of obesity. In response, national governments have adopted a series of measures and formulated anti-obesity policies. Restricting calories has long been considered an essential weight-loss measure, and so, in 2006, the sale of soda and fried foods was stopped at Princess Margaret Hospital in Perth (Wojcicki, 2013). In 2008, the UK National Health Service stipulated that vending machines at Welsh hospitals did not sell soda (ibid).

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    These bans reduce opportunities to buy high-calorie foods in public, thus limiting people’s calorie intake. However, this can only control the calorie intake of a small number of people, in the case mentioned above only impacting those who visited these hospitals. The reach of these campaigns is too small and has little influence on the calorie intake of people across the country, having a negligible impact on the rise of obesity.

    Daily calorie consumption in the USA is 3% – 10% less than it was at the beginning of this century, but the number of obese people has doubled (Hill, 2009). People’s calorie intake has decreased, but the rate of obesity is still rising twice as fast. This shows that limiting calorie intake does not necessarily reduce obesity and that casting excessive calorie intake as the main cause of obesity is not appropriate.

    Improvements to living standards, including modern facilities such as cars, buses, elevators, and so on limit people’s physical exertion, and most people’s daily calorie consumption are also reduced. Environmental factors such as socioeconomic conditions and sedentary lifestyles are also responsible for obesity, in addition to the diet (Schwartz, 2017). Consequently, the main reason for the rise in obesity is not increased calorie intake but a reduction in calorie expenditure.

    Therefore, reducing calorie intake while increasing daily activity levels is the key to tackling obesity. Also, anti-obesity solutions should appeal to a broader range of people. For example, a relatively successful anti-obesity national policy is the “Let’s Move” campaign, introduced by former First Lady Michelle Obama in 2010. The campaign is a comprehensive national public health initiative, in which everyone takes part to ensure that children regularly eat fruits and vegetables, and participate in sports in order to increase the body’s use of calories (Jette et al., 2016).

    Since its launch, the campaign has achieved remarkable results, despite objections such as healthy meals being unpopular with children (ibid). However, this campaign is still supported by citizens and has been implemented smoothly as it truly meets neoliberal national policy goals and strives to make every citizen a part of physical activity. Therefore, a policy to combat obesity should advocate for the whole population’s participation in a healthy diet and sport, and combine the two approaches of increasing calorie expenditure and reducing calorie input to reduce the number of obese patients and diminish the crisis it causes in society.

    Additionally, anti-obesity solutions should call for the active participation of all people and align with the national policy concept of neoliberalism. Only a campaign that truly encourages all people to participate can offer a genuine solution to the challenges that obesity poses to society.

    This essay shows that the increase in obesity leads to an increase in the prevalence of various diseases, increasing the medical expenses of families of obese patients and obese individuals, and increasing the financial expenditure of government on medical insurance and healthcare. Concurrently, the obesity rate will also lead to an increase in mortality and population decline. In terms of the human resources market, finding employment for obese people can be challenging, resulting in employment shortages in the job market.

    As there has been a decline in the population caused by obesity, coupled with challenges finding employment for obese people that cause labour shortages, there has been a decline in the levels of available labour and society now faces a significant crisis. This highlights the importance of governments and individuals taking appropriate measures to reduce the number of obese people. In addition, this essay has also evaluated the way in which the sale of sodas and fried foods were stopped in 2006 at Princess Margaret Hospital in Perth.

    Furthermore, in 2008, the United Kingdom’s National Health Service stipulated that the sale of sodas in vending in Welsh hospitals would be prohibited. In the above cases, the anti-obesity policies that were applied related to limiting calorie intake. However, the analysis found that in modern society, the main cause of obesity is not individuals consuming excessive calories but is due to the reduction of the number of exercise people do, resulting in a reduction in the body’s burning of fat. Given this, people should reduce the calorie intake of food, but also increase the body’s calorie consumption, by doing things such as eating healthily and increasing physical activity.

    This will then reduce the obesity rate. Meanwhile, a campaign that can appeal to all people can have an effective impact on obesity rates. This could mirror the “Let’s Move” campaign initiated by former First Lady Michelle Obama in 2010, in which the population of the United States was called upon to participate in ensuring that children regularly consume fruits and vegetables, and regularly participated in sports.

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    It is, therefore, necessary to combine the two methods of promoting healthy eating, increasing calorie expenditure, and reducing calorie input to reduce the number of obese people. Moreover, truly encouraging the participation of all people can effectively solve the problems that obesity poses to society and prevent the crisis in modern society.

    References

    • Afshin, A. ( 1 ) et al. (2017) ‘Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years’, New England Journal of Medicine, 377(1), pp. 13–27. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1614362.
    • Caliendo, M. and Gehrsitz, M. (2016) ‘Obesity and the labor market: A fresh look at the weight penalty’, Economics and Human Biology, 23, pp. 209–225. doi: 10.1016/j.ehb.2016.09.004.
    • Djalalinia S, Qorbani M, Peykari N, Kelishadi R.(2015)‘ Health impacts of obesity’. Pak J Med Sci ,31(1),pp.239-242. doi: 10.12669/pjms.311.7033.
    • Hill, J. O. ( 1,2 ) (2009) ‘Can a small-changes approach help address the obesity epidemic? a report of the joint task force of the american society for nutrition, institute of food technologists, and international food information council’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89(2), pp. 477–484. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26566.
    • Jette, S. ( 1 ), Andrews, D. L. ( 1 ) and Bhagat, K. ( 2 ) (2016) ‘Governing the child-citizen: “Let”s Move!’ as national biopedagogy’, Sport, Education and Society, 21(8), pp. 1109–1126. doi: 10.1080/13573322.2014.993961.
    • Revels, S., Kumar, S. A. P. and Ben-Assuli, O. (2017) ‘Predicting obesity rate and obesity-related healthcare costs using data analytics’, Health Policy and Technology, 6(2), pp. 198–207. doi: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2017.02.002.
    • Schwartz, M. W. et al. (2017) ‘Obesity Pathogenesis: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement’, ENDOCRINE REVIEWS, 38(4), pp. 267–296. doi: 10.1210/er.2017-00111.
    • Swinburn, B. et al. (2015) ‘Strengthening of accountability systems to create healthy food environments and reduce global obesity’, The Lancet, 385(9986), pp. 2534–2545. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61747-5.
    • Wojcicki, J. M. (2013) ‘Healthy hospital food initiatives in the United States: Time to ban sugar sweetened beverages to reduce childhood obesity’, Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics. doi: 10.1111/apa.12216.

    Related FAQs

    1. How is obesity causing a crisis in modern society?

    Analyse how rising obesity is causing a crisis in modern society, and evaluate current solutions to address this problem. Increasing numbers of obese people in modern society have caused a series of social problems, resulting in greater awareness of the seriousness of the issue. This concern is mirrored globally.

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    How does Obesity Impact the Society
    How does Obesity Impact the Society

    2. What are the health issues associated with obesity?

    Certainly health issues are a concern as the risk for heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure are among the illnesses the morbidly obese are at greater risk for. The medical expenditures to address the health issues that generally accompany obesity are equally troublesome and undesirable.

    3. What is the global impact of obesity?

    What is the global impact of obesity? Overweight or obese people now outnumber those who are undernourished by nearly two and a half times, a discussion paper of the McKinsey Global Institute, the business and economics research arm of global management consulting firm McKinsey and Company, has found.

    4. What are the effects of obesity on the heart?

    An increased burden on the heart can lead to early development of heart failure. Obese people have high blood pressure much more often than normal-weight people. High blood pressure can promote heart disease and lead to stroke, kidney damage, and hardening of the arteries.

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  • Issue of the Over-Prescription of Antibiotics – Best Study Guides (2022)

    This article analyzes and discusses “over-prescription of antibiotics now threatens the future health of millions” with reference to specific examples, and using a range of academic sources. Issue of the Over-Prescription of Antibiotics

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    Issue of the Over-Prescription of Antibiotics

    TITLE: Over-prescription of antibiotics now threatens the future health of millions. Analyze and discuss this statement with reference to specific examples, using a range of academic sources.

    INTRODUCTION

    This essay is about the over-prescription of antibiotics and the way it can affect the ‘future health of millions’. It intends to give background information on the discovery of antibiotics, the different groups of antibiotics. It also briefly describes their mechanism of action and what they are used for. 

    It analysis the different types of bacteria, the different routes of transmission and how bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics. It will also explain how they can become a threat to public health if they become resistant to current antibiotics, with examples of Multi-drug resistant bacteria. Lastly, this essay will give suggestions of ways to prevent from antibiotic resistance.

    Antibiotic resistant is a very dangerous and life-threatening matter as it is likely to happen in individuals with low immunity such as young and the elderly individuals. One of the biggest worries is the failure to create new antibiotics for bacteria that are becoming resistant. This results in the bacteria being left untreated and therefore could lead to the death of the infected patient.

    Antibiotics

    Antibiotics are a type of drug frequently prescribed to treat bacterial infections.

    Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic in 1928, Fleming found a culture plate with staphylococci being grown within it, the growth present was contaminated with a mould of genus Penicillium. (American Chemical Society, 2018). He learnt that the bacterial growth in the region of the mould was stopped. As a result, he put the mould in pure culture and established that it produced an antibacterial substance, which he named Penicillin.

    According to an online source, there are over 100 antibiotics but there are 7 main classes: Sulfonamides, Penicillin’s, Cephalosporin’s, Macrolides, this includes; erythromycin, Fluoroquinolones such as levofloxacin, Tetracyclines such as tetracycline and lastly, Aminoglycosides, including gentamicin. (Shiel Jr, MD and FACP, 2018). Every antibiotic is used to treat a specific infection.

    The antibiotic chosen by the doctor depends on factors such as allergies, which part of the body is infected and the type of bacteria it is infected by. This lowers the chances of antibiotic resistant as the right antibiotic would be prescribed. Penicillin was used to treat many different bacterial infections, however, due to overuse, penicillin resistance became a huge clinical problem.

    Antibiotics work by targeting bacteria and stopping their growth, or by killing the bacteria. Each antibiotic works differently, but they all work by influencing things that bacterial cells have, which dont exist on human cells. Penicillin and cephalosporin work by stopping the bacteria from creating a cell wall, which results in the membrane bursting due to pressure. Other antibiotics attack different parts of the bacteria, such as the DNA while it is being replicated. Levofloxacin breaks the DNA and stops it from being repaired, which means the bacteria cannot live or reproduce. Antibiotics do not work against viral infections such as the common cold and the flu, therefore using antibiotics for these illnesses, contributes to antibiotic resistance and side effects.

    Bacteria

    A bacterium can be defined as a “member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms, which can cause disease” (Google Dictionary). There are different types of bacteria, however they can usually be categorised as being either Gram-positive or Gram-negative. The structure of the cell and the thickness of the cell wall defines whether it can be stained with Gram’s stain. Gram-positive bacteria have a simple cell wall structure. It contains peptidoglycan, acidic polymer, protein and polysaccharides (Rang et al. Pharmacology, 2016).

    Whereas Gram-negative is more complex. It contains enzymes, peptidoglycan, lipid bilayer, proteins and complex polysaccharides. This makes it difficult for some antibiotics to pierce the complex outer layer. The image below shows a side by side comparison of Gram-positive and Gram-negative.

    Infectious diseases can be transmitted through a variety of ways the following is just a few examples, such as from direct or indirect contact with an infected person. This can be through the droplets in the air from sneezing and coughing e.g. Meningitis, skin/mucous membrane e.g. Staphylococcus aureus infection, blood or bodily fluids through sexual contact e.g. Gonorrhoea and lastly, through contaminated food or water e.g. Salmonella. (Higuera and Pietrangelo, 2018).

    The bacteria become resistant to antibiotics by changing. The resistance occurs by the bacteria surviving and multiplying in number, which causes more harm. The bacteria develop resistance by modifying their gene immediately or through a genetic exchange with other resistant bacteria in the body. This, therefore, results in resistance as the antibiotic that once worked on the bacteria, no longer works. A bacterium becomes a superbug when its known to be resistant to one or more antibiotics.

    There are numerous patients that go through regular treatments such as organ transplantation, cancer treatments, hip and knee replacements which are frequently prescribed antibiotics. This helps to prevent from infections throughout their treatments. However, the problem of antibiotic resistance is increasing, this results in more deaths from bacteria that are resistant to common antibiotics prescribed.

    This creates a big problem for routine surgical procedures as it makes it harder to prevent from bacterial infections and the procedures could become hazardous. A reliable source mentioned that “Sepsis is a common cause of death in the UK with over 44,000 deaths every year”. These deaths are due to untreatable antibiotic resistance infections and this high number is more than the deaths from lung cancer (35,000) and bowel cancer (16,000). (Antibiotic Research UK, 2018).

    Examples of multi-drug resistant Bacteria

    It is undeniable that antibiotic resistance is life-threatening in the same way as cancer and other dangerous diseases. World Health Organisation believes that antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest threats to human and animal health worldwide. WHO created a rank of bacteria names which need new antibiotics urgently. This list has the names of bacteria in order of priority depending on how much they threaten human life.

    The first bacteria on the list is, Acinetobacter baumannii. This superbug can cause different diseases such as meningitis and pneumonia, which are life-threatening if left untreated. Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae are all dangerous bacteria that have become resistant to many strong antibiotics such as Carbapenem. These bacteria can be very threatening, which is the reason they are number one on the list (Lawe Davies, 2017).

     

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    Issue of the Over-Prescription of Antibiotics
    Issue of the Over-Prescription of Antibiotics

    Another superbug that is multidrug-resistant is Salmonella typhi. This bacterium is extremely transmittable and it causes infections such as typhoid fever, salmonellosis in the intestinal tract and many other acute diseases that could potentially lead to death. Its stated that, about 1% of those infected will die (Christine McCaughey, 2018). This strain of salmonella typhi has become extensively resistant to many antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim. (Rowe B, Ward LR and Threlfall EJ, 1997).

    In addition, other examples of bacteria that have become resistant to almost all the easily accessible antibiotics are: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus, Multi-drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus and Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Bacteria such as MRSA and Neisseria gonorrhoea were both controlled by penicillin, and now they are almost always resistant to benzyl penicillin. (Betterhealth.vic.gov.au, 2018)

    Prevention

    There are ways to prevent antibiotic resistance, Firstly, doctors need to minimise the prescription of antibiotics especially in developing countries. Secondly, it is advised to finish the entire course of antibiotics prescribed by the doctor. This way the antibiotic can be fully effective and kill the bacteria instead of allowing it to develop resistance.

    Thirdly, being sanitary such as washing hands and contamination control procedures need to be practised, this way the risk of transmitting infection is reduced especially in places like hospitals and GP’s, where bacteria can easily be transmitted. Moreover, always make sure the food is cooked before its eaten and stay up to date with vaccination.

    (Betterhealth.vic.gov.au, 2018). Furthermore, another method to help with antibiotic resistant is to create new antibiotics to fight against the resistant bacteria, but in the recent years, only a few options have become available, with under fifty potential new antibiotics being tested. This is a very small number because most of the drugs are unsuccessful. (Patient Research Exchange, 2018).

    CONCLUSION

    In conclusion, I believe antibiotics have played a vital role in medicine and saving lives. However, in recent years there has been an increase in the unnecessary prescription of antibiotics. The NHS stated that a fifth of prescriptions provided throughout GP surgeries were to patients who do not need them. From this, a study was conducted which investigated the number of antibiotic prescriptions that were not required in GPs from 2013-15.

    They found “8.8% and 23.1% of all antibiotics prescribed to be known as inappropriate” (NHS.uk, 2018). This may be due to patients asking for antibiotics without considering the type of organism that caused their infection, which could result in the inappropriate prescription of antibiotics. If all bacteria become resistant, then a simple infection could become life-threatening and routine surgeries would become much more difficult and dangerous. I think more people need to be educated about the causes and the risks of antibiotic resistance. This could result in patients being more responsible with the use of antibiotics and in prevention from infections.

    REFERENCES

    Websites

    • American Chemical Society. (2018). Alexander Fleming Discovery and Development of Penicillin  Landmark American Chemical Society . [online] Available at: https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/flemingpenicillin.html [Accessed 9 Dec. 2018].
    • Antibiotic Research UK. (2018). Antibiotic Research UK – The problem explained . [online] Available at: https://www.antibioticresearch.org.uk/about-antibiotic-resistance/ [Accessed 9 Dec. 2018].
    • Shiel Jr, W., MD and FACP (2018). Antibiotic Side Effects, Types & Drug Interactions . [online] eMedicineHealth. Available at: https://www.emedicinehealth.com/antibiotics/article_em.htm#what_drugs_interact_with_antibiotics [Accessed 9 Dec. 2018].
    • Antibiotic resistance and the challenges of conducting new antibiotic clinical trials – Patient Research Exchange. (2018). Antibiotic resistance and the challenges of conducting new antibiotic clinical trials – Patient Research Exchange . [online] Available at: https://www.patientresearchexchange.org/stories/detail/antibiotic-resistance-and-the-challenges-of-conducting-new-antibiotic-clini [Accessed 9 Dec. 2018].
    • Betterhealth.vic.gov.au. (2018). Antibiotic resistant bacteria . [online] Available at: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/antibiotic-resistant-bacteria [Accessed 9 Dec. 2018].
    • Bennington-Castro (2018). What Is Acinetobacter Baumannii? . [online] EverydayHealth.com. Available at: https://www.everydayhealth.com/acinetobacter/guide/ [Accessed 9 Dec. 2018].
    • Christine McCaughey, L. (2018). Five of the scariest antibiotic-resistant bacteria of the past five years . [online] ABC News. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-03/scariest-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-australia-contagion/10194230 [Accessed 9 Dec. 2018].
    • Lawe Davies, O. (2017). WHO publishes list of bacteria for which new antibiotics are urgently needed . [online] Who.int. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-02-2017-who-publishes-list-of-bacteria-for-which-new-antibiotics-are-urgently-needed [Accessed 9 Dec. 2018].
    • Labtestsonline.org. (2018). Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria | Lab Tests Online . [online] Available at: https://labtestsonline.org/articles/antibiotic-resistance-bacteria [Accessed 9 Dec. 2018].
    • Netdoctor. (2018). Medicines for bacterial infections (antibiotics) . [online] Available at: https://www.netdoctor.co.uk/medicines/infection/a25910/treatments-for-bacterial-infections-antibiotics/ [Accessed 9 Dec. 2018].
    • Deena T Kochunni, J. (2018). 10 Differences between Cell wall of Gram positive and Gram negative Bacteria . [online] Majordifferences.com. Available at: https://www.majordifferences.com/2018/06/difference-between-cell-wall-of-gram.html#.XBF43xP7Rdg [Accessed 9 Dec. 2018].
    • nhs.uk. (2018). Up to 1 in 5 antibiotics may be prescribed inappropriately . [online] Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/news/medication/1-5-antibiotics-may-be-prescribed-inappropriately/ [Accessed 9 Dec. 2018].
    • Higuera, V. and Pietrangelo, A. (2018). Disease Transmission: Direct Contact vs. Indirect Contact. [online] Healthline. Available at: https://www.healthline.com/health/disease-transmission#indirect-contact [Accessed 9 Dec. 2018].

    Journals

    • Rowe B, Ward LR and Threlfall EJ (1997). Multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhi: a worldwide epidemic. – PubMed – NCBI. [online] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8994789 [Accessed 9 Dec. 2018].
    • Ventola, C. (2018). The Antibiotic Resistance Crisis: Part 1: Causes and Threats . [online] PubMed Central (PMC). Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4378521/ [Accessed 9 Dec. 2018].
    • Garima Kapoor. (2017). Action and resistance mechanisms of antibiotics: A guide for clinicians. [online] PubMed Central (PMC). Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5672523/ [Accessed 9 Dec. 2018].

    Book

    • Rang, H., Dale, M., Ritter, J., Flower, R. and Henderson, G. (2016). Rang and Dale’s pharmacology. [Amsterdam]: Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone.

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  • Issues in Angioplasty and Bypass Surgery – Best Study Study Guides(2022)

    This article covers Issues in Angioplasty and Bypass Surgery.

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    Issues in Angioplasty and Bypass Surgery

    Bypassing Angioplasty

    When it comes to heart disease, surgical intervention is expensive, invasive, and largely ineffective.

    Studies show that traditional surgical interventions, such as angioplasty with stent placement and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) do not benefit stable patients. These treatments target stable plaques that is not in danger of rupturing to form a clot and ignore the dangerous, unstable plaque that doesn’t show up in tests.

    For years, doctors thought that the main cause of heart attacks was the buildup of fatty plaque. They believe that over time the vessel would become so narrow that flow would be compromised, and eventually the vessels would close up or be clogged.

    Now we know that the facts are much different. Most of the large clots that create heart attacks occur in parts of the heart where the arteries are not severely narrowed. Instead, they occur in areas where the plaque is soft and has a thinner cap, sitting on an unstable, cholesterol-laden base. The propensity of plaque to rupture and create a complication or infarct depends on two other important criteria: the tensile stress (destabilizing pressure) on the fibrous cap, and the amount of inflammatory white blood cells that have infiltrated the lipid segment.

    The older, more stable plaques are larger and more likely to obstruct blood flow, leading to angina. Those are the plaques typically treated with angioplasty and stenting, yet they are not vulnerable plaques and not likely to initiate a clot that can cause an infarction.

    Now we know that a certain type of plaque and a certain type of biochemical event most often trigger a heart attack. These plaques are often not visible to conventional cardiac testing, such as stress tests and angiograms, because they do not obstruct blood flow, or impinge on the vessel lumen sufficiently to be visualized by such tests.

    Plaque can become stable with dietary excellence, and it can become unstable relatively quickly with dangerous eating. It is the more recently deposited, and more recently modified, plaque, resulting from eating dangerously, that can create vulnerable plaque and make semi-vulnerable plaque more vulnerable, precipitating a cardiac event.

    Angioplasty and bypass surgery do not address or fix the vulnerable plaque in a person’s coronary circulation. These procedures address the least dangerous (old) plaque and therefore have no effect on reducing the risk of future cardiac events. However, eating carefully can immediately make plaque less vulnerable by reducing inflammatory cells, reducing soft plaque, and reducing tensile stress. Superior nutrition stabilizes both the base of the plaque, to keep it from rupturing, and the cap of the plaque, to keep it from cracking.

    Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), commonly known as heart-bypass surgery, is the most common heart surgery in the United States. A healthy artery or vein is connected to the obstructed coronary artery creating a new path for the blood to flow to the heart muscle. The blood bypasses the obstructed vessel, with a resulting relief in angina.

    The serious risks of CABG include an increased risk of stroke and overall death rate compared with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (or angioplasty with stent placement), loss of mental function in the elderly, atrial fibrillation, and other more unusual events, such as failure of the sternum to close properly after surgery.

    Percutaneous coronary intervention is a nonsurgical procedure during which the physician feeds a thin flexible tube, or catheter, from the groin or arm into the heart. The catheter has a deflated balloon on the end, and when the tube reaches the blockage, it is forced though. The balloon is then inflated to open the artery, allowing blood to flow better. Then a stent, or short metal wire tube, is placed to prevent the stretched vessel from closing up again quickly.

    The most serious risks of PCI include death, heart attack, stroke, ventricular fibrillation and aortic dissection. Ons study showed that 1.2 patients out of every 100 died in the hospital undergoing PCI.

    The tactic of using surgical intervention as a substitute for a healthy diet is doomed to fail. Whenever CAD is present and surgical intervention occurs, the vast bulk of plaque is still left untreated. Atherosclerosis is a dietary-induced disease that spreads throughout the heart, not only in those areas visualized by angiograms. The vast majority of patients who undergo these interventions do not have fewer new heart attacks or live longer.

    The procedures themselves expose patients to more risk of new heart attack, strokes, infection, encephalopathy (disease in the brain), and death. Angioplasty, with or without stenting, also damages the treated blood vessel. It increases inflammation in the treated vessel and raises levels of C-reactive protein, which creates restenosis and increases the risk of recurrent coronary events. Restenosis is more resistant to regression with nutritional approaches than native atherosclerosis.

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    Issues in Angioplasty and Bypass Surgery
    Issues in Angioplasty and Bypass Surgery

    Once an individual has a stent placed that foreign body in the vessel wall increases inflammation at the edge of the stent. This can enhance the potential for the treated area to generate a clot, leading to a future heart attack.

    These medical interventions do not address the cause of the disease; they treat only the symptoms-an approach that lessens pain for a limited period.

    Getting tested and treated for coronary obstructive disease won’t help. Individuals without major blockages of their great vessels are just as likely to have a fatal cardiac event as those with more significant blockages. Nd yet, stress tests and angiography don’t even show these individuals as having heart disease. Stress tests identify only those blockages that obstruct more than 85 percent of the vessel lumen.

    70-80 percent of all myocardial infarctions are caused by plaques that is not obstructive or visible on angiography or stress tests.

    If you just have high blood pressure and high cholesterol and are overweight or diabetic, we recommend aggressive nutritional intervention and an exercise program customized to your fitness level and tolerance.

    If you have symptoms suggestive of angina with exertion, then we recommend you also use aggressive nutritional intervention to reduce the plaque burden and stabilize the plaque so that it doesn’t form a clot. You should monitor your blood pressure and undergo blood tests. We also recommend that you get a noninvasive test to monitor heart output and wall motion, such as a cardiac ultrasound along with a carotid ultrasound, with can include measurements of the intima-media thickness, as well as an accurate determination of body fat to monitor the lowering direction of plaque burden and body fat stores.

    Even if someone has chest pain with light exertion, with documented left main disease (disease in the left main coronary artery) with a reduction in ejection fraction, we still recommend nutrition as the primary treatment in a stable patient. This is because my experience has shown that in two or three months, ejection fraction can improve dramatically and angina can already be significantly improved. I do not recommend angiography and stenting or bypass unless acute coronary syndrome is present, worsening ejection fraction on repeat ultrasounds is demonstrated, or ventricular arrhythmias are severe or worsening. There is an emergency diet approach in chapter 8 that starts patients with serious disease on an aggressive dietary intervention for maximizing results.

    All the symptoms of heart disease, as well as blockages, can melt away with superior nutrition – without any cardiac intervention. The risks and complications of cardiac interventions and bypass surgeries are simply not necessary when people adopt an effective nutritional strategy. Instead of prescribing drugs and recommending expensive and invasive medical procedures, doctors need to educate themselves and then educate and motivate patients to take charge of their own health.

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  • Where In The World Is Evidence Base Practice? – Best Sample Solutions(2022)

    This article covers a sample solution to Where In The World Is Evidence Base Practice?

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    In this Discussion, you will consider this adoption. You will examine healthcare organization websites and analyze to what extent these organizations use EBP.

    To Prepare:

    Review the Resources and reflect on the definition and goal of EBP.

    Choose a professional healthcare organization’s website (e.g., a reimbursing body, an accredited body, or a national initiative).

    Explore the website to determine where and to what extent EBP is evident.

    …

    Solution

    Where In The World Is Evidence Base Practice?

                High-performing healthcare systems have to ensure quality besides access to healthcare. Jha et al. (2018) note that while it is true that different hospitals have different capabilities to offer high- quality for patients, the US national strategy has been to use accreditation as a way of ensuring and improving care. Accreditation means a process that allows healthcare organizations to demonstrate their ability to meet the set regulatory requirements and established standards by any recognized accreditation organizations like the American Accreditation Healthcare Commission (AAHC), the American Medical Accreditation Program (AMAP), and the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO).

    The rationale here is to analyze an external independent body, such as the Joint Commission, that uses objective parameters to ensure healthcare organizations use evidence-based practices to optimize patient outcomes.

    Description of the Joint Commission Website

    TJC was founded in 1951 with the stated mission being to continuously improve health care for the public, in collaboration with other stakeholders, by evaluating health care organizations and inspiring them to excel in providing safe and effective care of the highest quality and value. The organization’s vision is that all people always experience the safest, highest quality, best-value health care across all settings.

    The use of EBP describes applying clinical decision making and care coordination based on the best available evidence to improve all aspects of quality in healthcare that is as effective and efficient as accessible, acceptable, patient-centered, safe, equitable (Black et al., 2015). The TJC has several websites that include Joint Commission Resources, Joint Commission International, and Joint Commission Center for Transforming Healthcare, The Joint Commission Quality Check, and world hospital search.org.

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    Where In The World Is Evidence Base Practice
    Where In The World Is Evidence Base Practice

    Besides accreditation and certification, it also expounds on its standards, measurements, performance improvements, and resources. More than 19 000 healthcare organizations currently use TJC standards as a guide to administering care while continuously seeking to improve performance. Entire organizations like hospitals and nursing homes earn accreditation through accreditation programs on ambulatory care, behavioral health care, or critical access hospital. At the same time, certification is reserved for services or programs within a healthcare facility like diabetes or heart disease care.

    TJC and Use of EBP in Its Work

    Using the best available evidence promotes evidence-based practice herein defined as the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence to make decisions about an individual patient’s care within a healthcare organization (Kueny et al., 2015). Although not explicitly stated, EBP appears in the TJC mission. It helps organizations use leading practices, unmatched knowledge, and expertise together with rigorous standards to help hospitals across the continuum of care attain zero harm. In my opinion, the work of TJC is grounded in EBP, as demonstrated by the Joint Commission Center for Transforming Healthcare, where a tool for reducing sepsis mortality solutions TST is offered. The TJC website can be a source of EBP itself.

    References

    Black, A. T., Balneaves, L. G., Garossino, C., Puyat, J. H., & Qian, H. (2015). Promoting evidence-based practice through a research training program for point-of-care clinicians. The Journal of nursing administration, 45(1), 14.

    Jha, A. K. (2018). Accreditation, quality, and making hospital care better. Jama, 320(23), 2410-2411.

    Kueny, A., Shever, L. L., Mackin, M. L., & Titler, M. G. (2015). Facilitating the implementation of evidence-based practice through contextual support and nursing leadership. Journal of healthcare leadership, 7, 29.

    Question

    In this Discussion, you will consider this adoption. You will examine healthcare organization websites and analyze to what extent these organizations use EBP.

    To Prepare:

    • Review the Resources and reflect on the definition and goal of EBP.
    • Choose a professional healthcare organization’s website (e.g., a reimbursing body, an accredited body, or a national initiative).
    • Explore the website to determine where and to what extent EBP is evident.

    By Day 3 of Week 1

    Post a description of the healthcare organization website you reviewed. Describe where, if at all, EBP appears (e.g., the mission, vision, philosophy, and/or goals of the healthcare organization, or in other locations on the website). Then, explain whether this healthcare organization’s work is grounded in EBP and why or why not. Finally, explain whether the information you discovered on the healthcare organization’s website has changed your perception of the healthcare organization. Be specific and provide examples.

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  • Policy and Regulation Facts Sheet: the 21st Century Cures Act – Best Samples

    This article covers Policy and Regulation Facts Sheet: the 21st Century Cures Act.

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    As you follow along, remember that our qualified writers are always ready to help in any of your nursing assignments. All you need to do is place an order with us! (Policy and Regulation Facts Sheet)

    In this Assignment, you will study a recent nursing informatics-related healthcare policy, and you will share the relevant details via a fact sheet designed to inform and educate.

    To Prepare:

    Review the Resources on healthcare policy and regulatory/legislative topics related to health and nursing informatics.

    Consider the role of the nurse informaticist in relation to a healthcare organization’s compliance with various policies and regulations, such as the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act (MACRA).

    Research and select one health or nursing informatics policy (within the past 5 years) or regulation for further study.

    …

    Solution

    Policy and Regulation Facts Sheet: the 21st Century Cures Act

    The 21st Century Cures Act (Cures Act) came to effect in 2016. The Act’s goal was to help speed up medical product production and bring novel technologies and inventions for fast and efficient use by patients in need (US Food and Drug Administration, 2016). The Act’s benefits include (GPO, 2016):

    • The Act had a significant impact on the clinical use of biomarkers, surrogate endpoint, details about patients’ experiences, and observational data to speed up approval of drugs and medical devices.
    • The Act considers a patient to be more than a source of clinical data. It enables a patient-centered approach to healthcare to improve and provide a better experience along a clinical journey.
    • The Act encourages the capture, amplification, and reporting of patient’s views during drug development.

    The Act’s Impact of Clinical Care include (Lye et al., 2018; GPO, 2016):

    • The Act guides how medical cures are developed, including the order of need, number of patients, and patient input into the drug development.
    • Medical data are collated and stored for future reference, inform future research and understanding on disease burden, avoid medical mistakes, and facilitate prioritized and efficient care practice.
    • Health facilities are provided with effective medical devices from a collaboration between FDA and bright professionals to better medical diagnoses and treatments. 
    • Free flow of information from health data systems to facilitate and inform effective healthcare services.

    Healthcare Policies to Address 21st Century Cures Act

    A hospital can take the following steps to address the 21st Century Cures Act:

    • Update clinical decision support systems:  Big data systems, including health records management, must be updated to include all aspects of the clinical journey, e.g., diagnosis, signs and symptoms, physiological health, etc.
    • Initiate proactive care coordinated with pharmacists across a facility to disseminate understanding of the Act and inherent clinical practice changes.
    • Community collaboration: Hospital management should reach out to the community through local leaders to create awareness on available medical products and treatments.

    As you continue, customnursingassignments.com has the top and most qualified writers to help with any of your assignments. All you need to do is place an order with us. (Policy and Regulation Facts Sheet)

    Policy and Regulation Facts Sheet
    Policy and Regulation Facts Sheet

    References

    US Food and Drug Administration. (2016). 21st Century Cures Act. Retrieved 3 March 2021, from https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/selected-amendments-fdc-act/21st-century-cures-act

    United States Government Publishing Office (GPO) (2016). 21st Century Cures Act. H.R. 34, 114th Congress. 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2021, from https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-114hr34enr/pdf/BILLS-114hr34enr.pdf.

    Lye, C. T., Forman, H. P., Daniel, J. G., & Krumholz, H. M. (2018). The 21st Century Cures Act and electronic health records one year later: will patients see the benefits?. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 25(9), 1218-1220. https://doi.10.1093/jamia/ocy065

    Question

    In this Assignment, you will study a recent nursing informatics-related healthcare policy, and you will share the relevant details via a fact sheet designed to inform and educate.

    To Prepare:

    • Review the Resources on healthcare policy and regulatory/legislative topics related to health and nursing informatics.
    • Consider the role of the nurse informaticist in relation to a healthcare organization’s compliance with various policies and regulations, such as the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act (MACRA).
    • Research and select one health or nursing informatics policy (within the past 5 years) or regulation for further study.

    The Assignment: (1 page not including the title and reference page)

    Create a 1-page fact sheet that your healthcare organization could hypothetically use to explain the health or nursing informatics policy/regulation you selected. Your fact sheet should address the following:

    • Briefly and generally explain the policy or regulation you selected.
    • Address the impact of the policy or regulation you selected on system implementation.
    • Address the impact of the policy or regulation you selected on clinical care, patient/provider interactions, and workflow.
    • Highlight organizational policies and procedures that are/will be in place at your healthcare organization to address the policy or regulation you selected. Be specific.
    • Use APA format and include a title page, in-text citations, and reference page.
    • Use the Safe Assign Drafts to check your match percentage before submitting your work.

    By Day 5 of Week 11

    Submit your completed Policy/Regulation Fact Sheet.

    Submission and Grading Information

    As you continue, customnursingassignments.com has the top and most qualified writers to help with any of your assignments. All you need to do is place an order with us. (Policy and Regulation Facts Sheet)

    Policy and Regulation Facts Sheet
    Policy and Regulation Facts Sheet

    To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

    • Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK11Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
    • Click the Week 11Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
    • Click the Week 11 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
    • Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “WK11Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
    • If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
    • Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.

    Grading Criteria

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