Describe the anatomy of the respiratory passageways Plus Other Questions and Answers – Best Q&A(2022)

This article Anatomy Assignment Paper Q&A: Describe the anatomy of the respiratory passageways, What are the three factors involving the airways that lead to an asthma attack plus many more.

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Describe the anatomy of the respiratory passageways

What are the three factors involving the airways that lead to an asthma attack?

What is contained within a quick-relief rescue inhaler?

What is nebulized albuterol, and how does it help with an asthma exacerbation?

Part B: Please discuss the following topics.

1. Describe the power of the adaptive immune response to cure disease

2. Explain immunological deficiencies and over-reactions of the immune system

…

Solution

Anatomy Assignment Paper

Anatomy Assignment

Part A : Matt stumbled into Maria’s apartment. It was 4 a.m. and completely dark. Unable to talk, he simply grabbed Maria’s foot to get her attention. She helped Matt onto the bed, slipping a mask over his face to deliver nebulized albuterol.

1. Describe the anatomy of the respiratory passageways

The human respiratory system is composed of the upper respiratory tract (namely nose pharynx and larynx) and the lower respiratory tract (or trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar duct and alveoli ( Patwa & Shah, 2015). The nose together with the nasal cavity is divided into two by the nasal wall. Three turbinate or conchae form the lateral wall of the nose. These are inferior, middle and superior.

The pharynx resembles a tube and joins the posterior nasal as well as oral cavities to both the larynx and esophagus. The pharynx is further subdivided into laryngopharynx, oropharynx and nasopharyx all these are found outside the thorax.  The lower respiratory tract resembles an inverted tree trunk with branches and sub branches hence the name tracheobronchial tree. 

The trachea or the wide pipe divides into two main branches one on the right and the other on the left called bronchi.  These are referred to as generations 1,2and 3. The bronchioles subdivide into terminal bronchioles generation 5- 16 and respiratory bronchioles or generation 17, 18 and 19.

From there the respiratory bronchioles branch into alveolar ducts which are generations 20 to 22 with complete linings of alveoli which are millions of air sacs. Generations 16 to 22 are known as the acinus have millions of air sacs which are the functional units of the lungs since this is where the exchange of gases takes place.

• What are the three factors involving the airways that lead to an asthma attack?

An asthmatic attack occurs there is constriction of the airways, the inner lining of the lower tract walls thicken and a lot of sputum is released into the air pathways. A combination of these three factors lead to blocked airways makes the victim have difficulties in breathing and result in shortness of breath. This happens when the individual comes across allergens which the precipitate an attack (Bush, 2019)

• What is contained within a quick-relief rescue inhaler?

Conventional quick relief bronchodilators are beta agonist medications and contain albuterol and levalbuterol. These drugs start to work immediately and can last from anywhere between 4 and 6 hours. According to Sockrider  &  George(2019), these medications although available on prescription only  include a metered dose inhaler( MDI) , slow mist inhaler( SMI, dry powder inhaler(DPI) and a nebulizer which is a mist from liquid medication contained in air compressor.

• What is nebulized albuterol, and how does it help with an asthma exacerbation?

Nebulized albuterol is salbutamol based mist which a nebulizer, a device that uses oxygen, compressed air and ultra-sonic power to breakup suspensions or solutions of medication into tiny droplets for inhalation. A mask or mouth piece is used to administer the nebulized albuterol aerosol. Indinnimeo, Chiappini & Giudice(2018) aver that once the nebulized albuterol reaches the lungs, it relaxes the airways muscles making it easier to breathe.

As a short acting beta agonist, the aerosol relieves s the symptoms of acute asthma within 10 to 15 minutes.  The patient gets prompt relief whereby coughing is reduced, the chest tightness, wheezing and shortness of breath.

Part B: Please discuss the following topics.

1. Describe the power of the adaptive immune response to cure disease

Adaptive immune response destroys the pathogenic invaders as well as any toxic molecules that the synthesize ( Jain & Pasare, 2017).  Its power to cure diseases is that it has the potency to differentiate what is foreign from what is of the individual’s self.  However, in some cases the adaptive immune system may fail thus making it unable to distinguish between the host cell and pathogens thus it may attack and destroy the host’s molecules. This causes autoimmune diseases.

As you continue, customnursingassignments.com has the top and most qualified writers to help with any of your assignments. All you need to do is place an order with us. (Describe the anatomy of the respiratory passageways)

• Explain immunological deficiencies and over-reactions of the immune system

Immunodeficiency where the body’s immune response is ineffective can either be primary or secondary.  In primary deficiency disorders, there is defect within the immune system causing the individual to be susceptible to some infections. Existing knowledge acknowledges that PIDs comprise heterogeneous disorders of the immune system leading to recurrent infections, granulomatous process, atrophy, lymph proliferation and autoimmunity.

Secondary immune deficiencies occur due to underlying cause like infections in the case of AIDS, producers like splenectomy and medications like immunosuppressant. Infancy prematurity and old age can also cause SID just like metabolism and nutrition. On the other hand an over reactive immune as a result of adaptive immunity emerges because while this antigen dependent and antigen specific immune system has some memory capacity in some cases this memory fails. 

Whether innate or adaptive immunity is involved, malfunctions or defects can lead to disorders medically called hypersensitivity reactions like some allergies or inappropriate reactions like in the cause of autoimmunity like in the case of neurodermatitis(Marshal et al, 2018).

• . Describe the interaction of the immune and lymphatic systems with other body systems.

The body’s immune system comprises of individual components that collaborate to recognize, locate and destroy pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi and tumors. On the other hand the lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system consisting of lymphatic vessels carrying the lymphatic fluid. It has two main functions the first being to provide an accessory return route of the three liters of extra blood.

The second function is of defense in the immune system. In their defense function, these systems interact with the other body system where they ensure the person is health and free from disease within their capacity.

References

Bush, A. (2019). Pathophysiological mechanisms of asthma. Frontiers in pediatrics, 7.

Islam, M. S., Paul, G., Ong, H. X., Young, P. M., Gu, Y. T., & Saha, S. C. (2020). A Review of Respiratory Anatomical Development, Air Flow Characterization and Particle Deposition. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 380.

Jain, A., & Pasare, C. (2017). Innate control of adaptive immunity: beyond the three-signal paradigm. The Journal of Immunology, 198(10), 3791-3800.

Marshall, J. S., Warrington, R., Watson, W., & Kim, H. L. (2018). An introduction to immunology and immunopathology. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology, 14(2), 1-10.

Patwa, A., & Shah, A. (2015). Anatomy and physiology of respiratory system relevant to anaesthesia. Indian journal of anaesthesia, 59(9), 533.

Raper, D., Louveau, A., & Kipnis, J. (2016). How do meningeal lymphatic vessels drain the CNS?. Trends in neurosciences, 39(9), 581-586.

Sockrider, M., & George, M. (2019). Treating Asthma Symptoms with Quick Relief Bronchodilators: Prescription or Over-The-Counter Inhalers. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 199(4), P7-P8.

Question

Part A: Matt stumbled into Maria’s apartment. It was 4 a.m. and completely dark. Unable to talk, he simply grabbed Maria’s foot to get her attention. She helped Matt onto the bed, slipping a mask over his face to deliver nebulized albuterol.

Asthma is a condition caused by chronic inflammation of the small airways in the lungs. This leads to swelling and increased mucus production within conducting zone passageways.

Due to the chronic inflammation, an asthmatic’s airways are already more narrow than the airways of an individual without this disease. Situations that may cause the airways to constrict or spasm are common. Exposure to dry and/or cold air, contact with pollen or other allergens, illnesses such as a cold or the flu, certain medications and foods, or even just stress can cause this bronchoconstriction to occur.

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This usually does not cause a problem for a non-asthmatic, but for someone with asthma, bronchoconstriction can severely decrease the diameter of the already swollen, mucus-producing airways, making it very difficult to move air into and out of the lungs. The decrease in air flow can range from mild to life-threatening, and may cause a great deal of anxiety for someone actively suffering from an acute asthma exacerbation, or asthma attack.

Following his nebulizer treatment, Matt was breathing a little better and able to talk. He mentioned to Maria that he has been on a long-term asthma preventative – Advair. However, he forgot to take it for a while because he could not find the inhaler.

Questions:

1. Describe the anatomy of the respiratory passageways
2. What are the three factors involving the airways that lead to an asthma attack?
3. What is contained within a quick-relief rescue inhaler?
4. What is nebulized albuterol, and how does it help with an asthma exacerbation?

Part B: Please discuss the following topics.

1. Describe the power of the adaptive immune response to cure disease

2. Explain immunological deficiencies and over-reactions of the immune system

3. Describe the interaction of the immune and lymphatic systems with other body systems

All reports will be worth 4% of your grade and will be 5 points each. In order to successfully earn all 5 points you will need to:

1. Answer all questions thoroughly and completely.
2. Use at LEAST 3 references (can include information from the Primal website as a source).
3. Give credit to all sources used- citing correctly and PARAPHRASING any information taken from an outside source. Please do not copy and paste any information, even if you cite the source. Your report will be submitted through Turnitin and will allow us to see what sources were used and the exact information you took from that source- BE CAREFUL!
4. Must have a minimum of 500 words and can be in essay form OR question and answer form. (500 words not including the topic/questions given)

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